Abantu batanu baciye umuhigo mu kurokora ubuzima bw'abandi muri kahise

Ubuhinga n'ubushakashatsi bwa 'sciences' bwarongereje imyaka abantu bashobora kumara kw'isi bwongera buteza imbere ibijanye n'amagara, biciye mu kuvura indwara, gutuma haboneka uburyo bushasha bwo kuvura no kubaga abarwayi, hadasizwe inyuma iterambere rijanye no gufungura.

Ng'aba abahinga batanu mu vya 'sciences' bagize uruhara rukomeye mu kurokora ubuzima bw'abantu benshi.

1. Maurice Hilleman

Umuhinga mu vy'imigera w'Umunyamerika, Maurice Hilleman, yakoze incanco zigera kuri 40 mu gihe yamaze mu mwuga wiwe, harimwo izo gukinga amasambambwika, agasama, mugiga n'ibihara. Incanco ziwe zishirwa ku rutonde rw'izafashije kurokora ubuzima bw'abantu barenga imiliyoni 130.

Ni na we yatoye ko imigera itera agahiri igenda ihindagurika, bigatuma proteyine umubiri wahora ukoresha mu kuyibona zica zitakaza inguvu. Ivyo vyatumye habaho incanco z'agahiri zitangwa buri mwaka.

Mu 1957, yarabonye hakiri kare ko hashobora kwaduka ikiza c'ibicurane, aca yihutira gukora urucanco rushasha, bituma ubukari bw'ico kiza bugabanuka.

2. Alexander Fleming

Kumbure ikintu catowe gikomeye kurusha ibindi vyose mu mateka y'ubushakashatsi ni icatowe mu 1928, igihe umuhinga yanonosoye ibijanye n'imikorobi hamwe n'imigera, Sir Alexander Fleming, yagaruka avuye mu karuhuko agasanga rimwe mu mabakure akoresha muri laboratware ryari ryahumanijwe n'ifira.

Amaze kubona ko mu micungararo y'ahari iyo fira ata mikorobi yigera ihegera, yaciye atahura ko ifira ishobora kuba isohora utuntu (substance chimique) turwanya imigera n'imikorobi.

Utwo tuntu (substance chimique) yaduhaye izina rya 'pénicilline' tukaba dufise ubushobozi bwo kwica ubwoko bwinshi bw'imigera n'imikorobi. Ariko vyaramugoye kudushira ukwa two nyene kugira dukoreshwe mu bijanye n'ubuvuzi.

Haheze imyaka irenga cumi, umuhinga w'Umunya Australie mu vy'imiti, Prof. Howard Florey, ari kumwe n'abo bakorana, ni bo amaherezo bashoboye gutandukanya no gusukura pénicilline, maze kuva ico gihe ica ikoreshwa nk'umuti uzwi nka 'antibiotique'. Uwo muti wafashije kurokora ubuzima bw'abantu barenga miliyoni 200.

3. Sir Frederick Banting

Diyabete (igisukari) iri mu murwi w'indwara zibangamira ubushobozi bw'umubiri bwo kugenzura urugero rw'isukari iva mu maraso. Mu bihe vya kera, uburyo bwo kuyivura bwari buke cane, kandi diyabete y'ubwoko bwa mbere (type1) kenshi yarica abana bakiri bato.

Mu 1921, umuhinga w'Umunya Canada mu vy'imiti, Sir Frederick Banting, yatoye 'insuline' - umusemburo w'umubiri (hormone) ugenzura ingene isukari yo mu maraso yinjira mu turemangingo tw'umubiri - maze yerekana ko ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete ku bikoko.

Mugenzi we, James Collip, yateguye uburyo bwo gusukura insuline kugira ishobore gukoreshwa ku bantu. Ivyo batoye vyarokoye ubuzima bw'abantu barenga imiliyoni 200.

4. Professeur Norman Ernest Borlaug

Mu myaka ya 1950 na 1960, umuhinga w'Umunyamerika mu vy'uburimyi, Professeur Norman Ernest Borlaug, yateje imbere ubwoko bw'igiterwa c'ingano butanga umwimbu mwinshi kandi bushobora kurinda indwara, maze abushikiriza abarimyi bo muri Mexico, Pakistan n'Ubuhindi.

Muri ico gihe, abarimyi benshi bararima ubwoko bw'imbuto zirobanuye bwatanga umwimbu mwinshi cane ariko bugakarirwa n'ingwara vyoroshe, bigatuma bahomba cane rwose.

Borlaug yatanguriye ku buhinga bwo guhuza ubwoko bw'imbuto zitandukanye ariko zifise aho zihuriye mu bijanye no kurondoka. Ivyo vyavuyemwo ubwoko bw'ibiterwa bushasha bwiswe "« variétés multilignes »", bwaba burimwo uturemangingo dutuma burinda cane ingwara.

Igikorwa ciwe carongereje cane umwimbu w'ibiterwa. Kandi bigereranywa ko cafashije kurokora ubuzima bw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 245, biciye mu guteza ivyo gufungura.

5. Professeur Karl Landsteiner

Imbere y'intambara ya mbere y'isi, ibikomere n'indwara vyatuma umuntu atakaza amaraso menshi kandi kenshi vyaramuhitana. Abaganga bari baragerageje gutanga amaraso bayakuye mu muntu umwe bakayatera uwundi, ariko abarwayi benshi baragira ingaruka zikomeye bakanahasiga ubuzima.

Mu 1901, umuhinga w'umunya Autriche (akaba n'Umunyamerika) mu vy'amagara, Professeur Karl Landsteiner, yaratahuye igituma ivyo vyabaho.

Ni we yatoye ko amaraso y'abantu batandukanye afise ibimenyetso bitandukanye - ubu bizwi nk'imirwi (groupe sanguin) - bigatuma amaraso y'abantu bamwe adashobora kuvangwa n'ay'abandi.

Ivyo yatoye vyuguruye inzira ituma ibikorwa vyo gukura amaraso ku muntu umwe aterwa uwundi bikorwa ata ngaruka zikomeye zibaye.