Me ya sa wasu ƙasashen Afirka ke ƙin karɓar kuɗaɗen tallafin Trump?

Bayan rusa babbar hukumar Amurka da ke bayar da tallafin ƙasashen waje a bara, gwamnatin Trump na sake bayar da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli ga ƙasashen Afirka, domin tallafa wa tsarin kiwon lafiyarsu da kuma yaƙi da cututtuka.

Sai dai sabbin yarjejeniyoyin na ɗauke da wasu sharuɗɗa, abun da yasa suke fuskantar turjiya daga wasu gwamnatoci.

Lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko da shugaban Kenya William Ruto ya yi a Washington a watan Disambar da ya gabata, Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Marco Rubio ya ce yana fatan wannan ita ce ta farko cikin masu yawa.

"Muna fatan sanya hannu a kan, ban sani ba, guda 30, 40, ko nawa? Hamsin? To, wannan ita ce ta farko. Za mu riƙa tunawa da wannan a ko da yaushe... kuma muna ganin mun zaɓi abokin hulɗan da ya dace," in ji Rubio.

Amma hatta wannan muhimmiyar yarjejeniya da Kenya, mai darajar dala biliyan 2.5 ta samu jinkiri saboda masu fafutuka sun garzaya kotu don dakatar da ita, ko da yake daga ƙarshe majalisar ministoci ta amince da ita a watan da ya gabata.

Jim kaɗan bayan kama aiki, Shugaba Donald Trump ya bayar da umarnin rufe Hukumar raya ƙasashe ta Amurka (USAID) yana mai zargin almubazzaranci, lamarin da ya raunana shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashen Afirka da suka dogara da tallafin.

Sabon tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka na buƙatar gwamnatocin da ke karɓar tallafi su ɗauki nauyin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ta hanyar ƙara kashe kuɗaɗe a fannin lafiya, da nufin gina tsare-tsare masu ɗorewa da za su iya dogaro da kansu a nan gaba.

Misali, Amurkar ta bayar da jimillar dala biliyan 1.6 cikin a yarjejeniyar da Kenya, yayin da ƙasar ta Kenya wadda ke gabashin Afirka ta yi alƙawarin dala miliyan 850 a cikin shekaru biyar.

Gwamnatin Trump na fatan cewa haɗin gwiwa kai tsaye da gwamnatocin ƙasashe zai fi tsarin dangantaka tsakanin masu bayar da tallafi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wanda ta ce ya haifar da dogaro, ya samar da tsarin aiwatarwa iri biyu, kuma ya lashe kuɗaɗen tallafi wajen gudanarwa.

"Taimakonmu ga waɗannan ƙasashe ba zai kasance kuɗi ne kawai da ake bai wa wata ƙungiya ba, wadda za ta shiga ƙasa ta tilasta yin shirye-shiryenta," Rubio ya shaida wa wani kwamitin majalisa a watan da ya gabata.

"Ba wai kawai muna kula da matsancin yanayi na mutanen da ba su da lafiya a ƙasa ba ne, muna kuma taimaka musu wajen gina ƙarfin da da za su gudanar da hakan da kansu."

Amma sakamakon haka shi ne kauce wa tsarin haɗin gwiwar duniya wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ke jagoranta, zuwa yarjejeniyoyi kai tsaye da ɗaiɗaikun gwamnatoci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da muradun siyasa da na kasuwanci na Amurka.

Amurka ta fice daga WHO a farkon wannan shekara tana cewa ba adalci ba ne ta bayar da kuɗi fiye da sauran ƙasashe, tare da zargin cewa hukumar bata tafiyar da annobar Covid-19 yadda ya kamata ba, tana kuma da rufa-rufa, sannan siyasa na iya sauya akalarta.

Abin da ya jawo cece-kuce shi ne yarjejeniyoyin Amurka da ƙasashe kai tsaye na ɗauke da alƙawarin cewa ƙasashen su ba da fifiko ga kamfanonin sarrafa magunguna da kamfanonin lafiya na Amurka wajen samar da kulawa.

"Shirinmu na taimaka wa ƙasashen waje a fannin lafiya na duniya ba tallafi kawai ba ne – wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta inganta dangantakarmu da ƙasashe a faɗin duniya," a cewar kundin manufofin.

Ƙasashe 32 a Latin Amurka, yankin Caribbean da kuma aƙalla wasu ƙasashe 20 a Afirka, sun amince da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar zuwa tsakiyar watan Mayu.

Amma wasu – kamar Ghana, Zimbabwe da Zambia – sun ƙi sanya hannu, suna bayar da wasu dalilai na daban.

A Zambia, ministan harkokin waje, Mulambo Haimbe, ya soki abun da ya bayyana a matsayin yunƙurin Amurka na haɗa tallafin lafiyar da muradunta na tattalin arziki, ta hanyar haɗa yarjejeniyar da wata yarjejeniya ta daban da za ta ba Washington damar samun muhimman ma'adanai.

Ya shaida wa BBC cewa,"Abokan aikinmu [na Amurka] sun kalli lamarin ta mahangar cewa dole ne a ɗauki [yarjejeniyoyin biyu] a matsayin kunshi guda ɗaya da za a tattauna kuma a kammala lokaci guda," yana mai cewa gwamnatin Zambia na son tattauna su daban-daban bisa cancantarsu.

"Amurka na ganin akwai buƙatar a ba ta fifiko wajen amfani da muhimman ma'adanai. Kuma tsarin ya kamata ya nuna hakan," in ji ministan.

Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ba ta danganta yarjejeniyoyin biyu kai tsaye ba lokacin da BBC ta tambaye ta, amma ta bayar da martani mai ƙarfi na "Amurka ce farko".

"Gwamnatin Trump ta fayyace cewa taimakon ƙasashen waje ba sadaka ba ne – maimakon haka wani tsari ne na jari da ya kamata a zuba cikin hikima don ciyar da muradun Amurka gaba – kuma muna sa ran dukkan ƙawayenmu da ƙasashen da ke karɓar tallafin su ɗauki tsare-tsare da kasuwancin Amurka da muhimmanci," in ji kakakin ma'aikatar.

A watan da ya gabata an samu ƙarin shaidar da ke danganta wannan shirin na kuɗaɗen lafiya da muradun Amurka, lokacin da aka sanar da cewa Amurka za ta janye gaba ɗaya kuɗaɗen da take bayarwa kan shirye-shiryen HIV/Aids a Afirka ta Kudu.

Wani jami'in gwamnatin Amurkar ya danganta matakin da abin da ya kira "gazawar Afrika ta Kudu wajen samun ci gaba mai ma'ana kan wasu buƙatu na manufofinta", ciki har da yadda ake mu'amala da al'ummar Afrikaner fararen fata marasa rinjaye.

Ikirarin Amurka na cewa ana aiwatar da "kisan ƙare dangi na fararen fata" a Afirka ta Kudu an ƙaryata hakan sosai.

Ga wasu ƙasashen Afirka da ke tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashe biyu, sun bayyana fargabar cewa Amurka zata samu bayanan alƙalumansu na kiwon lafiya, abun suke kallo tamkar akwai lauje cikin naɗi.

Wannan ya haɗa da bayanan marasa lafiya da kuma albarkatun halittu da ake kira pathogens – ƙwayoyin da ke haifar da cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na Biros da bakteriya da mitsi-mitsin ƙwari.

Da farko wata kotun Kenya ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar, bayan shari'ar da ke ƙalubantar shirin, tana mai ɓuƙatar kare sirrin marasa lafiya.

Arnold Kavaarpuo, babban darektan Hukumar kare bayanai ta Ghana, ya shaida wa BBC cewa, gwamnatin Accra ta nuna ƙin amincewa da yarjejeniyar da aka gabatar mata saboda irin waɗannan dalilai.

"Mun nuna damuwa kan girman irin bayanan da ake nema," in ji shi.

"Mu ne za mu samar da bayanan kuma mu tura su ga hukumomin Amurka, amma babu wasu matakai masu kama da hakan da za su ɗauka, idan ana maganar kare bayanan Ghana da kasancewar Ghana ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.

"Kuma a hangen nesanmu," ya ƙara da cewa, "da zarar bayanan sun fita daga iyakokin Ghana, ba mu da iko a kan abin da zai faru da su."

Zimbabwe ita ma ta ce damuwa kan buƙatun miƙa bayanan lafiya ga hukumomin Amurka, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton za a baiwa kamfanonin magunguna na Amurka, shi ne dalilin ƙin amincewa da yarjejeniyar.

Babu tabbacin cewa magunguna ko alluran rigakafin da za a samar daga albarkatun halittu na pathogens ɗin, al'ummarmu za ta samu, in ji kakakin gwamnati, yana mai nuni da cewa WHO tuni tana da tsarin da mambobinta ke amfani da shi wajen raba bayanai da cin gajiyar duk wani magani a lokacin annoba a nan gaba.

A baya ƙasashen Afirka sun rarraba bayanan lafiya ta hanyoyin da suka haɗa da USAID da Pepfar, babban shirin Amurka na yaƙi da HIV da Aids.

Amurka ta dage cewa rarraba bayanai da samfura na da muhimmanci wajen samun ci gaba a binciken kimiyya da haɗin gwiwa.

Kuma kakakin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen ya ce bayanan da ake nema iri ɗaya ne da tarin bayanan da aka cire bayanan gano mutum daga cikinsu, waɗanda aka shafe shekaru ana amfani da su wajen yaƙi da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa.

Abin da ya sauya shi ne yanayin da ake ciki, in ji Nelson Aghogho Evaborhene, mai bincike a matakin digirin digirgir kan tafiyar da harkokin lafiyar duniya, a Jami'ar Roskilde da ke Denmark.

"Alaƙa ce marar daidaito, saidai ta fuskar siyasa ana iya jure mata," in ji shi, "saboda za ka iya gabatar da ita ga jama'a a gida a matsayin buƙatar taimakon jin ƙai don inganta ayyukan lafiya.

"Amma yanzu ta sauya sosai, saboda ta fi zama batun ciniki da amfani da ƙarfi."

Ƙasashe da dama na Afirka sun kuma ɗauki darussa daga Covid, yayin da gasar neman allurar rigakafi ta nuna muhimmancin bayanan halittun pathogens, amma ta bar nahiyar da kokawar samun allurai ga jama'arta.

"Ina ganin ɗaya daga cikin manyan damar da muke da ita a matsayin Afirka," in ji Aggrey Aluso, babban darektan Resilience Action Network Africa (Rana), "ita ce muna da muhimman bayanai da za su iya taimakawa wajen gina tsarin tsaron lafiyar duniya."

Rana tare da ƙungiyoyin farar hula sama da 50, sun sanya hannu a wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa da ta gargadi shugabannin Afirka cewa, sharuɗɗan Amurka ba domin muradun ƙasashen Afirka ko na yankin ba ne, ra'ayin da ya zo daidai da na Afirka ta Kudu.

"A gaskiyar magana, babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke mutunta kanta da ya kamata ta amince da [waɗannan buƙatu biyu]," Ministan lafiya na Afirka ta Kudu Dr Aaron Motsoaledi ya shaida wa BBC.

"Cewa [Amurka] za ta samu halittun pathogens ɗinta idan akwai wata annoba ko ɓarkewar cuta a yankinsu.

"Kuma za su ba su cikakken bayanin rayuwar halitta (genome). Amma Amurka za ta ba su kuɗi na shekaru biyar."

Muhawarar kan diflomasiyyar lafiya ta ƙara tsananta a 'yan makonnin nan bayan yaɗuwar wani sabon ɓarkewar Ebola a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo.

Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen farko da suka amince da sabbin yarjejeniyoyin lafiyar Amurka – kuma Amurka ta ce yarjejeniyar na taimakawa wajen daidaita yadda DRC ke tunkarar matsalar.

Amma a cewar ma'aikatan agaji da tsoffin jami'an lafiya na Amurka, rage tallafin Amurka ga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo da WHO sun raunana martani a matakin farko na tunkarar matsalar.

Amadou Bocoum, daraktan ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Care a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo, ya ce ya sallami ma'aikata 36 – kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatansa – bayan rage tallafin USAID, ciki har da waɗanda ke kula da tattara kan jama'a, ilmartawa kan kiwon lafiya da kariya daga cutar Ebola.

"Lokacin da wannan sabuwar Ebola ta zo, ba ma'aikatan, kuma ba kayan gaggawar da muka saba amfani da su," in ji shi.

"Da akwai isasshen kuɗi, da mun tara kayan tun da wuri kuma mun fara raba muhimman kayayyaki kamar PPE tun daga rana ta farko, amma maimakon haka mun fara ba tare da komai ba kuma muka yi asarar kwanaki 10."

Masu suka sun ce rushewar USAID ta yi mummunan tasiri ga saurin gano ɓarkewar Ebola da kuma girman tunkararta. Suna jaddada cewa muhimmiyar rawa ƙungiyar agajin wajen tsara tafiyar da gudanarwa da samar da kayayyaki da kuma cimma al'umma lungu da saƙo.

"Ba na tunanin cewa idan da har yanzu akwai cikakkun abokan hulɗar lafiya da gwamnatin Amurka ke tallafawa a Congo kafin [rage tallafin] da ya dakatar da mafi yawansu, da babu wanda zai lura cewa wani zazzaɓin zuban jini da ƙwayar cuta virus haddasa yana yaɗuwa ba," in ji Jeremy Konyndyk, wanda ya jagoranci ɗaukin da USAID ta bayar ga annobar Ebola a 2014 a Yammacin Afirka.

Amurka ta musanta cewa rage tallafinta ya cutar da ƙoƙarin da aka yi a wannan karon, ta ce yanzu sun fi "daidaito da tasiri" a ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, tana mai nuni da tallafin dala miliyan 270 da ta bayar don yaƙi da annobar.

Yarjejeniyoyin Amurka na da nufin ƙarfafa gwamnatocin ƙasashe su kashe ƙarin kuɗaɗensu a ayyukan kiwon lafiya – masu sa ido sun ce babu kyakkyawan tarihin yin haka a Afirka duk da alƙawarin da nahiyar ta yi a 2001.

Sai dai wasu sun yi gargadin cewa ɓarkewar Ebola ta nuna haɗarin tsarin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe biyu, a harkokin lafiyar duniya.

"Alakar ƙasashe biyu ba ta la'akari da ƙalubalen bai ɗaya," in ji Dr Kevin DeCock, tsohon darakta a cibiyoyin da ke yaƙi da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa na Amurka (CDC) wanda kuma ya kwashe shekaru da dama yana sahun gaba wajen yaƙi da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa.

"Lafiyar duniya, bisa ma'ana, ta ƙetare iyakoki, ba ta shafi ƙasa guda ɗaya kawai ba. Matsalolin lafiyar duniya na buƙatar ɗaukar matakai na duniya, kuma babu ƙasar da za ta iya yin wannan ita kaɗai."

Wasu manazarta a fannin kiwon lafiya da manufofin ƙetare sun yi kira da a gwada sabuwar dabarar gwamnatin Amurkar.

A wata maƙala da aka wallafa a cibiyar kwararru masu zurfin nazari masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta American Enterprise Institute, Brett Schaefer da Roger Bate sun amince da haɗarin kaucewa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe masu yawa, musamman ficewa daga WHO.

Amma sun rubuta cewa wannan "ba shi ne ƙarshen jagorancin Amurka a fagen lafiyar duniya ba."

"Farkon gwaji ne – ko za a fi samun tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa mai sharaɗi, cibiyoyi da suka zama kishiyoyin na gwamnati da hukumomi, haɗin gwiwa don cimma sakamako maimakon dogaro da wata ƙungiya da ta yi fama wajen koyon darasi daga gazawa."

Kawo yanzu, hujjoji sun nuna cewa, watanni bayan Rubio ya nuna farin ciki wajen sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko, karɓar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe biyu a Afirka har yanzu ba shi da yawa kuma yana jawo cece-kuce.

A yanzu Tanzania ta sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwar, amma da yake wasu ƙasashen Afirka da dama suna cewa mun gode amma bama so, lokaci ne kawai zai nuna inda sake fasalin dabarar lafiyar duniya ta Amurka za ta kai.

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